Brief details on the electoral systems drawn up by 'Mr. . Maurizio Di Palma
We often talk about electoral reform, and every political group expresses a preference for a particular system. As each proposal
is inspired by an existing model, to capture the terms of the debate, let's review the main electoral systems already in place in other countries and investigate the possible effects in Italy.
SEVERAL MEMBERS
are defined as those systems in which the country is divided into many colleges as the number of deputies to be elected. Each college will elect one deputy.
However, there are various methods to determine who the winning candidate in each district.
uninominal dry (Great Britain and the U.S.).
Each party presents its candidate in the college. Vince what comes first (first past the post) but has not received an absolute majority of votes.
In countries which adopted facilitated the formation of a political system with 2 / 3 parties.
In Italy, adopted in the 90s for the election of 3 / 4 of the House, has produced a different effect.
parties and coalitions were gathered in the coalition to present a candidate in each constituency. These candidates coalition - chosen on the basis of an agreement between the parties because of their alleged "burden" election - once elected, passing group parliamentary party which actually belonged . In Italy, therefore, the dry single name has not reduced the number parties and probably has increased the weight of smaller formations.
two rounds of single-member constituency (France). In
single college each party presents its candidate. If no one has achieved an absolute majority (50% + 1 vote), goes to the second round who has received at least 12.5% \u200b\u200b(so it is in France, but other criteria are possible, for example . access the ballot the first two). He wins the second round who comes first.
It 's a type compatible with single-member countries with more than two or three parties, which strongly penalizes small parties.
Australian single name. In
college each party presents a candidate. The voter must order the candidates according to their personal order of preference, the more pleasing the less welcome marking a number next to each (1,2,3 .. etc). To determine who won you count the first preferences (those with the No. 1) and draw up a list. If no one has achieved an absolute majority (50% +1 of the votes) is eliminated unless the candidate voted, he cast aside his cards and distribute the other the second preferences of those cards. If no one has achieved the absolute majority, give to others the third, the fourth, the fifth preferences until someone has achieved such a majority. If you still none achieved an absolute majority is eliminated by taking the penultimate candidate to ' allocation preferences of the other, until someone gets 50% +1 of the votes.
E 'a less dry shearing dell'uninominale English and probably be adopted in Britain shortly. In a sense anticipates the effects of a virtual second round, forcing the voters to express preferences, all at once. Wins the elections in general, not so much the party more popular, but what is less objectionable to the voters.
dell'uninominale Paradox. In systems
single-member districts to win elections, it is important to achieve most of the other votes at the national level, but achieve more colleges. It may happen - and sometimes occurred - the party lost the most votes at national elections because he received fewer colleges.
PROPORTIONAL
It divides the territory into a few major colleges (but in theory it is possible a single large national college). Each college expresses more deputies. Every party has not a candidate but a slate of candidates equal to the number of deputies to be elected in the college.
Each party gets a number of deputies elected in proportion to the list votes obtained. To determine which candidate be elected within of each list is drawn up a list based on the preferences expressed by the electorate. Unlike
dell'uninominale, this system ensures a substantial compliance with the decisions of Parliament and the guidelines political electorate. Unlike
dell'uninominale, this system may encourage the fragmentation policy; in Italy for example, the proportion pure not stem the proliferation of smaller parties . To avoid spraying
of political representation in some countries, have the proper proportional .
Proportional with dam (Germany).
In Germany, parties who have obtained less than 5% at the national level do not come into Parliament. The votes of these lists with less than 5% are distributed in proportion to all other lists that passed the electoral threshold.
Proportional English.
The constituencies are small and express few Members. For smaller parties, therefore, is much more difficult to achieve for Members. It is believed that this system includes a barrier "virtual" 7 / 8% in each college. The system penalizes to a certain extent also the parties of the medium, but not the regional forces rooted in a particular territory.
System Italian
It 's a proportional in which the parties present lists plurinominal that can team up together in coalitions before the elections and the barrier to 2% (4% for the listings without a coalition).
The coalition that comes first at the national level, even if it does not follow the majority of votes, gets automatically 55% of the room (so-called majority premium).
are not allowed preference votes of candidates: they are the parties to decide who is elected by drawing up the order of preference of candidates before the vote.
For the Senate, however, the majority of the premium is allocated on a regional basis and not as for the Chamber, on a national basis. This can result in the formation of two different majorities in the House and Senate.
is inspired by an existing model, to capture the terms of the debate, let's review the main electoral systems already in place in other countries and investigate the possible effects in Italy.
SEVERAL MEMBERS
are defined as those systems in which the country is divided into many colleges as the number of deputies to be elected. Each college will elect one deputy.
However, there are various methods to determine who the winning candidate in each district.
uninominal dry (Great Britain and the U.S.).
Each party presents its candidate in the college. Vince what comes first (first past the post) but has not received an absolute majority of votes.
In countries which adopted facilitated the formation of a political system with 2 / 3 parties.
In Italy, adopted in the 90s for the election of 3 / 4 of the House, has produced a different effect.
parties and coalitions were gathered in the coalition to present a candidate in each constituency. These candidates coalition - chosen on the basis of an agreement between the parties because of their alleged "burden" election - once elected, passing group parliamentary party which actually belonged . In Italy, therefore, the dry single name has not reduced the number parties and probably has increased the weight of smaller formations.
two rounds of single-member constituency (France). In
single college each party presents its candidate. If no one has achieved an absolute majority (50% + 1 vote), goes to the second round who has received at least 12.5% \u200b\u200b(so it is in France, but other criteria are possible, for example . access the ballot the first two). He wins the second round who comes first.
It 's a type compatible with single-member countries with more than two or three parties, which strongly penalizes small parties.
Australian single name. In
college each party presents a candidate. The voter must order the candidates according to their personal order of preference, the more pleasing the less welcome marking a number next to each (1,2,3 .. etc). To determine who won you count the first preferences (those with the No. 1) and draw up a list. If no one has achieved an absolute majority (50% +1 of the votes) is eliminated unless the candidate voted, he cast aside his cards and distribute the other the second preferences of those cards. If no one has achieved the absolute majority, give to others the third, the fourth, the fifth preferences until someone has achieved such a majority. If you still none achieved an absolute majority is eliminated by taking the penultimate candidate to ' allocation preferences of the other, until someone gets 50% +1 of the votes.
E 'a less dry shearing dell'uninominale English and probably be adopted in Britain shortly. In a sense anticipates the effects of a virtual second round, forcing the voters to express preferences, all at once. Wins the elections in general, not so much the party more popular, but what is less objectionable to the voters.
dell'uninominale Paradox. In systems
single-member districts to win elections, it is important to achieve most of the other votes at the national level, but achieve more colleges. It may happen - and sometimes occurred - the party lost the most votes at national elections because he received fewer colleges.
PROPORTIONAL
It divides the territory into a few major colleges (but in theory it is possible a single large national college). Each college expresses more deputies. Every party has not a candidate but a slate of candidates equal to the number of deputies to be elected in the college.
Each party gets a number of deputies elected in proportion to the list votes obtained. To determine which candidate be elected within of each list is drawn up a list based on the preferences expressed by the electorate. Unlike
dell'uninominale, this system ensures a substantial compliance with the decisions of Parliament and the guidelines political electorate. Unlike
dell'uninominale, this system may encourage the fragmentation policy; in Italy for example, the proportion pure not stem the proliferation of smaller parties . To avoid spraying
of political representation in some countries, have the proper proportional .
Proportional with dam (Germany).
In Germany, parties who have obtained less than 5% at the national level do not come into Parliament. The votes of these lists with less than 5% are distributed in proportion to all other lists that passed the electoral threshold.
Proportional English.
The constituencies are small and express few Members. For smaller parties, therefore, is much more difficult to achieve for Members. It is believed that this system includes a barrier "virtual" 7 / 8% in each college. The system penalizes to a certain extent also the parties of the medium, but not the regional forces rooted in a particular territory.
System Italian
It 's a proportional in which the parties present lists plurinominal that can team up together in coalitions before the elections and the barrier to 2% (4% for the listings without a coalition).
The coalition that comes first at the national level, even if it does not follow the majority of votes, gets automatically 55% of the room (so-called majority premium).
are not allowed preference votes of candidates: they are the parties to decide who is elected by drawing up the order of preference of candidates before the vote.
For the Senate, however, the majority of the premium is allocated on a regional basis and not as for the Chamber, on a national basis. This can result in the formation of two different majorities in the House and Senate.
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